Vier woorden ( grappig,schitterent,weer,nodig)

01. grappig:

funny, enjoyable.
grap: (naamwoord) joke, fun.
grappen: (Werkwoord) to joke, to be funny.
etimologie: Ik heb werkelijk geen idee waar het vandaan komt, misschen was het woord "grap/grappen" over het "grasp" eens gaan, hmmm, misschen...

02. schitterent:

gorgeous, brilliant.
schitteren: (Werkwoord) to shine, to glitter.
schittering: (naamwoord) shine, glitter.
schijn: (naamwoord) shine, glimmering.
etymologie: Het woord moet van "schijn" komen, i.e. van het Oergermaans *skinanan komen, zoals het Oudhoogduits skinan, Oernoords en Oudfries skina, Engels shine, Duits scheinen, Gotisch skeinan :"to shine, appear"), Uit het Proto-Indo-Europees *skai- .

03. weer: (Bijwoord)

again, back. (nog een keer).
etymologie: Uit het Oudhoogduits widar, ook het Oudsaksisch *withar .

04. nodig:

necessary, needed. (nodig hebben: to need)
etymologie: Uit het Middelnederlands nood, Oudengels nied (West-Saksisch), ned "necessity, compulsion, duty," uit het Oergermaans *nauthis (cf. Oernoors nauðr, OudFries ned, Duits Not, Ijslands not, Gotisch nauþs "need").

Twee Woorden(even en voorstallen )

01. even: (Bijwoord)

zonder moeite , in korte tijd. (shortly, briefly. 短暂的，简短的。)
etimologie: Ik denk dat het Nederlandse even een cognaat van het Engelse even is, nog dit is in heel wat Germaanse talen terug te vinden, zoals in het Duits (eben), Oernoords en Ijslands (jafn), Gotisch (ibns), Zweeds (även). 'Even' duidt indertijd aan "gelijk" op "niveau-", nu is het nog niet duidelijk welke de pracies definitie van even was.

02. voorstellen: (Werkwoord)

1. een plan voorleggen, het voorleggen van een idee aan iemand. (to propose, to present. 提出，建议。)
Ik dacht eerst dat het niet zoveel voorstelde. — I thought at first that it didn't matter too much.
2. het geven van een beeld van iets
De Egyptische goden werden als mensen met dierenhoofden voorgesteld. — The Egyptian gods were depicted as humans with animal heads.
stellen: (Werkwoord) to position; place; to state, to put forward
etymoligie: I can't do this in Dutch so far, since the root "sta-" is such a difficult stem which has great influence in almost all Indo-European languages. to give a quick sense of its origin, I'll refer to some confered words in English here.

1. stele: "upright slab," usually inscribed, 1820, from Greek stele "standing block, slab," related to stellein "to set in order, arrange," from PIE *stel-.
2. systole: "periodic contraction of the heart and arteries," 1578, from Greek systole "contraction," from syn- "together" + stem related to stellein "to put, send".
3. stall: "place in a stable for animals," Old English steall "place where cattle are kept, place, position," from Proto-Germanic *stallaz ( Old Norse stallr "pedestal for idols, altar," Old Frisian stal, Old High German stall "stand, place, stable, stall," German Stall "stable," Stelle "place"), earlier *stalnaz- or *stathlo-, from PIE base *sta- "to stand" (cf. Greek stellein "to set in order, arrange, equip;" ). The word passed into Romanic languages (cf. It. stallo "place," stalla "stable;" Old French estal "place, position, stand, stall," French étal "butcher's stall"). Several meanings, including that of "a stand for selling" (c.1250, implied in stallage "tax levied for the privilege of erecting a stall at a market or fair"), are from (or influenced by) Old French estal. Meaning "partially enclosed seat in a choir" is attested from c.1400; that of "urinal in a men's room" is from 1967.
4. Gestalt, from German Gestaltqualität (1890, introduced by German philosopher Christian von Ehrenfels, 1859-1932), from Middle High German gestalt "form, configuration, appearance," abstracted from ungestalt "deformity," noun use of adjactive ungestalt "misshapen," from gestalt, obsolete pp. of stellen "to place, arrange." As a school of psychology, it was founded c.1912.

Nokkur ný orð

01. þröngur: (lýsingarorð) nerrow, crowded, difficult.

Orðsifjafræði: norræna þröngr.
Samstofna: enska throng; þýska Drang; danska/norska: trang;
Dæmi:

• Gangstéttin er þröng.
• Hann er þröngur.
• Þetta var ansi þröngt.

02. gata: (nafnorð kvenkyn) street; road; path.

Orðsifjafræði: norræna gata.
Samstofna: enska gait; norska: gate; sænska gata; þýska Gasse; danska gade.
Dæmi:

• Þessi gata er þröng, gatan heitir Pósthússtræti.

03. torg: (nafnorð hvorugkyn) city square.

Orðsifjafræði: Þetta orð er komið úr slavneskum tъrgъ (trg). Það eru ekki mörg lánsorð í germönske sem eru úr slavneskum málum. Slavneskt mál hafa meiri áhrif á Jiddíska en öðrum. Meðal þessara orða eru: enskt vodka, (úr водка) sem er mjög vel kunnugt; Þýskt Grenze ok hollenskt grens eru úr граница (granica); Enskt quark (kotasæla), þýskt Quark eru sænskt kvark eru af sama stofni og slavneskt twaróg;
Samstofna: finnska tori; sænska torg;
Dæmi:

• Geng ég um torg í borg.
• Ég bý rétt hjá þessu torgi.
• Þetta er mjög fallegt torg og nokkrar fallegar byggingar or kirkjur.

04. Lækjartorg: (brook-square) Lækjartorg er torg í Miðborg Reykjavíkur í Kvosinni sunnan við Reykjavíkurhöfn. Torgið er við gatnamót Bankastrætis, Lækjargötu og Austurstrætis. Við torgið stendur meðal annars Héraðsdómur Reykjavíkur í gamla Landsbankahúsinu.

05. Lækur: (nafnorð karlkyn) brook, stream. (inflection: lækjar: of brook; til dæmi: hérna er tré á lækjar bakka.)

06. þýða: (sagnorð/veik beyging + þolfall) 1. translate(snúa); 2. mean, signify(merkja); 3. be of use(gagna)
Dæmi:

• Geturðu þýtt þetta fyrir mig? -- Could you translate this for me?
• Hvernig þýðirðu þetta orð? -- How do you translate this word?
• Hvað þýðir þetta orð? -- What does this word mean?
• Hvað á þetta að þýða? -- What's the meaning of this?
• Það þýðir ekkert. -- It is of no use.

07. ekki lengur: no longer, any more.
Dæmi:

• Ég er ekki lengur nemandi / kanari / bílstjóri / blaðamatur / sölustjóri / ritari / háskólanemi / leikari / málari / trésmíur / lögfræðingur / leikstjóri / lögreglustjóri / ratvirki ...

08. lengi: long.

Orðsifjafræði: norræna lengi.
Samstofna: Dænska længe; norska lenge; sænska länge; færeyska leingi.

09. stytta: (nafnorð kvenkyn) statue, pillar, help, add.

Orðsifjafræði: dænskt støtte; Middle Low German stutte (support; staff, stick). Þetta komið ekki rétt frá rómönskum tungumálum, i.e. latneskt statuō, en er það mjög skyldt orðunum eins og germönsk stand/stall.
Samstofna: ...

10. stytta: (sagnorð/veik beyging + þolfall) shorten, abbreviate.

Orðsifjafræði: norræna stytta (stynta)/stuttr. (stuttur: lýsingarorð: short)
Samstofni: enska stint; þýska stutzen.

11. ríkisstjórn: (nafnorð kvenkyn) state/national government. Orðið ríkis er eignarfall, (ríki) þýðir "of states, of kingdom. ".

Orðsifjafræði: Orðið ríki er af sama stofni og enska orðið rich, þýska reich, hollenska rijk. (power and wealth), fyrst var fengið að láni úr keltneskum málum, forn-írska rig, og gaulverska -rix.

12. áður: before, previously.

13. fangelsi: (nafnorð karlkyn) prison. fangelsa: (sagnorð + þolfall) imprison; fangi: (nafnorð karlkyn) prisoner; fanga: (sagnorð + þolfall) seize, capture;

Oeðsifjafræði: norræna fanga.
Samstofni: enska fang; þýska fangen; holleska vangen; sænska få; forn-frísneska fā;

Crossroads Café, 4-6

4.

• Worker: Hoe gaat u dit café noemen?
  [Worker: What are you going to call this place? ]
• Victor: Ik weet het niet. Dat is een ander probleem. Mijn chef neemt net ontslag.
  [Victor: I don't know. That is another problem. My chef just quit.]

Woord voor woord:

• Worker: How go you this café to-name?
  Victor: I know it hot. That is an other problem. My chef takes just resignation.

nemen v. : to take.

• Here we got something interesting. there were M.E. nimen and O.E. niman cognate with Dutch nemen (and German nehmen, English nim, numb). But later in Middle age, it was replaced by take. there are two roots in Germanic languages for this reference, 1) nem-, West-Germanic (Danish nemme); 2) taka, North-Germanic (Old Norse/Icelandic: taka/tek; Swed. ta/tag; Goth. tekan; Irish tóg.)

net: adv. : just (nearly); just (recently).
ontslag n. : discharge;

• ont- prefix : (non-seperatable)
  1)to strip off/away that which is referred to by the stem;
  2)to add the connotation that the action referred to by the stem is non-repeatable; i.e., to make the verb which follows become the diametrically opposite of frequentative, as it were.
• slag m. (plural slagen, diminutive slagje) : blow, knock; battle; beat, stroke, pulsation.
  slag, akin to English "slay" and "slog":
  O.E. slean "to smite," also "to kill with a weapon", from P.Gmc. slakhanan, from base "slog- "to hit" (O.Fris. sla, Dan. slaa, Du. slaan, Ger. schlagen, Goth. slahan "to strike"), from PIE base from base slak- "to strike" (cf. M.Ir. pp. slactha "struck," slacc "sword"). Modern Ger. cognate schlagen maintains the original sense of "to strike." Meaning "overwhelm with delight" preserves some of the wider rangeof meanings that the word once had, including also "to strike a spark" (O.E.).
  So, this stem is relating to: 1. metal-stuff (hit-stuff); 2. contact; 3. hard;

ontslag nemen: quit, resign. out-field to-take. to retreat? a nice phrase.

5.

• Een vrouw solliciteert naar een baan.
• A woman applies for a job.

Can't find the word solliciteert/solliciteren in Wiktionary, but it's obviously of Latin origine, relating to the modern Engish solicit, (and solution), meaning request, appeal. ( sollicitare "stir, disturb, later look after", from sollicitus "agitated, anxious, punctilious", literally "thoroughly moved", from sollus "whole, entire" + past participle of ciere "to shake, excite, cite, to put in motion").

• naar prep. : to, towards in time, (space, consequence, purpose etc.)
  Derived terms: naartoe (toe, to ); ernaar (to it/them); daarnaar (thereto); hiernaar (hereto)
• baan m. and f. (plural banen, diminutive baantje)
  1. road, way
  2. track, lane
  3. job, professional occupation
  banen v. (baande, past part. gebaand): to make way, clear the road （开路） (Danish: bane c. ; German: Bahn f. ; Norwegian: bane m. )

6.

• Een man solliciteert naar een baan. (...)

Crossroads Café, 1-3

Dialogue

*Victor Brashov de café eigenaar (Victor Brashovthe café owner)

1.

• Victor(to the picture of Eva): Dit restaurant was jouw idee, Eva. Hoe wil je het noemen?
• [Victor(to the picture of Eva): This restaurant was your idea, Eva. What do you want to call it?

woord voor woord:

• Victor(to the picture of Eva): This restaurant was your idea, Eva. How want you it to-name?

note1.1:
there be no such an auxiliary verb "do" in Dutch, English was once the same as Dutch, no auxiliary like do, and no differenciation between present simple and continuous.

e.g. in the KJV Bible:

My son, hear the instruction of thy father, and forsake not the law of thy mother

(Proverbs, chapter 1-8)

note1.2:
the pronouns (Persoonlijke Voornaamwoorden) is a little more involved, three notifications here:

• 1) familiar and polite forms; (e.g. je vs. u)
• 2) weak (clitic) and strong forms. (e.g. je vs. jou)
• 3) Regional variations. (e.g. North vs. South/ Nederlands vs. Flemish)

the possessive pronouns are:

English	Dutch
my	mijn
your	je /[marked] jouw (week/strong)
your [formal]	uw (used as both formal and informal in Flanders)
his	zijn (also "to be")
her	haar (not much used)
its	zijn
our	ons/onze
your	jullie/je (op Nederlands)
their	hun (also can be personal pron. as "ze" ,not much used)

Your: Je / jouw

If want to stress that the object is owned by you, one use jouw instead of je. This is the only possessive pronoun with a marked and un unmarked version.

unmarked	Je wekker heeft ons allemaal wakker gemaakt.	Your alarm clock woke us all up.
marked	Jouw wekker (niet mijn wekker) heeft ons allemaal wakker gemaakt.	Your alarm clock (not my alarm clock) woke us all up.

2.

• Cook: U weet niet wat u doet !
• [Cook: You don't know what you're doing !]
• Victor: Ik weet dat ik het restaurant over twee dagen open.
• [Victor: I know (that) I'm opening the restaurant in two days.]

Woord voor woord:

• Cook: You know not what you do !
• Victor: I know that I the restaurant in two days open.

note2.1:
Here comes the most interesting word order for me so far, though Dutch maintains V2 of Germanic languages, when in a clause like such, the verb of a subclause is always put at the end, as far as I know, it's in the form of such:

a subclause: SUBJECT OBJECT something else VERB.

The basic order of a Dutch main clause is as follows:

subject finite verb time manner place other verbs

note2.2:
doet : 2nd/3rd person singular present of doen (to-do).
singular/plural past: deed/deden;
past participle: hebben gedaan;
present participle: doend, doende (why they look so much like the present participle in Portugês??).

3.

• Cook: Zoek een andere kok !
• [Cook: Find another cook! ]

Woord voor woord:

• Cook: Seek (for) an other cook !

note3.1:
zoeken v. : to seek for, to search for.
seek: From Old English secan, cognate with Proto-Germanic sokjanan, from Proto-Indo-European sag- (track down). Cognate with Old Frisian sēka, Old Saxon sokian (Dutch zoeken), Old High German *suohhan [German *suchen], Old Norse sœkja [Swedish söka]; and with Latin sagire (sense by smell), Old Irish saigim (seek).
(The Old High German consonant shift happened in early medieval led to more allien form of some Germanic-rooted words for other users of west Germanic languages. the sounds of hh, and ch, is much different from k(c), and g. )
note3.2:
I noticed that if a pair of words, in English and Dutch, are cognated to an Old Norse word with the letter ð/þ , in most cases, ð/þ evolves into th in English, and d in Dutch:

Old Norse	English (Old English)	Dutch
þökk(þakka v.) þing þessi þekkja v.	thank (þanc) thing (þing) these/this (þās/þes) think/(þencan)	dank ding deze/dit denken
faðir móðir (um*)-niðr eða/annarr	father(fader) mother(moder) beneath(bīneoþan) other(ōþer)	vader moeder beneden ander

*"bī" in Old English cognate with English "by", and Dutch "bij", representing the second syllable of Proto-Indo-European *ambʰi (“‘around’”) (Latin ambi, Ancient Greek αμφι, Old English ymb(e)).
*ambʰi from Proto-Germanic umbi, from Proto-Indo-European h₂mbʰi (“‘around’”). Cognate with Dutch om, German um, Old Norse um.

I'm still not crazy enough.

So, I'm going to learn Dutch in real sense.

Voila mon premier cours en ligne sur la, bonne chance pour moi !!!

Leer Nederlands in Crossroads Café

Learn Dutch in Crossroads Café

• 1. Dit is het verhaal van hard werkende, vastberaden mensen die samenkomen in een klein buurtrestaurant genaamd Crossroads Café,
• 2. Deze mensen maken langzaam een geslaagd buurtrestaurant.
• 3. In 26 lessen vertelt Crossroads Café de successen en de mislukkingen, de vreugden en het verdriet,
• 4. en vooral de leerervaringen van de eigenaar van het café,
• 5. de mensen die er werken, hun gezinnen, vrienden, bekenden, buren,
• 6. en de mensen met wie zij moeten samenwerken om succes te hebben in hun werk en hun levens.
• 7. Het verhaal is soms leuk, soms verdrietig, maar altijd onderhoudend.
• 8. Crossroads Café is de juiste plaats om Nederlands te leren.
• 9. Het verhaal maakt deel uit van het Crossroads Café programma om Engels als tweede taal te leren,
• 10. maar op internet kun je ook Nederlands leren.
• 11. Wij wensen je een heleboel plezier.
• 12. Zoek uit wie is wie in dit verhaal.

• 1. This is the story of hardworking, determined people who come together at a small neighborhood restaurant called Crossroads Café.
• 2. These people slowly create a successful neighborhood restaurant.
• 3. In 26 lessons Crossroads Café tells the successes and the failures, the joys and the sadness,
• 4. and especially the learning experiences of the owner of the café,
• 5. the people who work in it, their families, friends, acquaintances, neighbors,
• 6. and the people they must cooperate with to be successful in their work and in their lives.
• 7. The story is sometimes funny, sometimes sad, but always entertaining.
• 8. Crossroads Café is the right place to learn Dutch.
• 9. The story is part of the Crossroads Café program to learn English as a second language,
• 10. but on the Internet you can also learn Dutch.
• 11. We wish you a lot of fun.
• 12. Find out Who's in This Story

Traktaat over de logische filosofie (français, Nederlands)

Une Traduction Française:

Les aphorismes :

1. Le monde est tout ce qui est le cas.
2. Ce qui est le cas, le fait, est l'existence d'états de chose.
3. L'image logique des faits est la pensée.
4. La pensée est la proposition pourvue de sens.
5. La proposition est une fonction de vérité des propositions élémentaires.
6. La forme générale de la fonction de vérité est : [p, ξ, N(ξ)]. C'est la forme générale de la proposition.
7. Sur ce dont on ne peut parler, il faut garder le silence.

1. The world is everything which is the case.
2. Which is the case, the fact, is the existence of states of things.
3. The logical image of the facts is the thought.
4. The thought is the proposition provided with sense.
5. The proposition is a function of truth of elementary propositions.
6. The general form of the function of truth is: [p, ξ, N(ξ)]. This is the general form of the proposition.
7. About what one can't speak, He must keep (guard) the silence.

Voilà la traduction anglaise est de moi, C'est bien amusant. Le français est une langue romane, pas germanique, mais les textes mot-pour-mot entre les deux s'accorde bien dans ce cas ici--meilleur que la traduction entre le néerlandais et l"anglais. Ce ne sont pas des mots mais des situations de mots, alors l’odre des mots dans la phrase.

Le langue parlée par les Français ressemble plus à l'anglais . Pour les 300 années suivant la conquête normande en 1066, les rois de l'Angleterre ne parlaient que le français. Un grand nombre de mots français étaient assimilés dans l'anglais ancien qui perdit beaucoup de ses inflexions pour donner le moyen anglais (Middle English).

Et français moderne est une langue où l'odre des mots, quoique, partiellement libre, c'est peutêtre qussi pourquoi la situation est agréable ici avec des mots français.

Een vertaling in het Nederlands :

(Traktaat over de logische filosofie) De zeven basisuitspraken zijn:

1. De wereld is alles wat het geval is.
2. Wat het geval is (een feit) is het bestaan van standen van zaken.
3. Het logische beeld van de feiten is de gedachte.
4. De gedachte is een betekenisvolle zin.
5. De zin is een waarheidsfunctie van elementaire zinnen.
6. De algemene vorm van een waarheidsfunctie is: . Dit is de algemene vorm van een zin.
7. Waar men niet over spreken kan, daarover moet men zwijgen.

Grammar-term Glossary:

• woord {so}: [en.] word; [de.] Wort; [ja.]言葉( ことば kotoba), 単語 ( たんご,tango); [is.] orð;
• uitspraak {sv/sm}: [en.] pronunciation; [de.] Aussprache; [ja.] 发音, 発音(はつおん); [is.] framburður(forth-birth).
• lidwoord (member-word){so}: [en.] article; [de.] Artikel; [ja.] 冠詞(かんし, kanshi); [is.] greinir (wings, arms).
• bepaald lidwoord--definite article--bestimmte Artikel--定冠詞(ていかんし, teikanshi)--ákveðinn greinir. (bepaald pp. of bepalen {werkwoord} = to determine; paal{mannelijk} = post, pile, pole, stake stimmen {verb} = to tune, to be correct. Stim {Substantiv} = voice. kveða {sagnorð} = to say, to pronunce, to intone.)
• onbepaald lidwoord--indefinite article--unbestimmter Artikel-- 不定冠詞(ふていかんし, futeikanshi)--óákveðinn greinir.
• zelfstandig naamwoord/substantief {so}: [en.]noun; [de.] Substantiv; [ja.] Japanese: 名詞(めいし,meishí); [is.] nafnorð.
• geslacht/genus{so} : [en.] gender ; [ja.] 性 (せいsei) ; [de.] Geschlecht ; [is.] kyn . (geslacht, het pp. van slachten{werkwoord} = slaughter)
• mannelijk {so}: [en.] masculine; [de.] maskulin; [ja.] 男性(だんせい, dansei ); [is.] karlkyn .
• vrouwelijk {so}: [en.]feminine; [de.] feminin. [ja.] 女性(じょせい, joosei); [is.] kvenkyn.
  onzijdig {so}: [en.] neuter; [de.] sächlich ; [ja.] 中性(ちゅうせい, chūsei); [is.]
• hvorugkyn. (zijde {sv}= side)
• enkelvoud {so}: [en.] singular; [de.] Singular [ja.] 単数形(たんすう-けい, tansū-kei); [is.] eintala. (enkel = only, sole. )
• meervoud {so}: [en.] plural; [de.] Plural; [ja.] 複数形(ふくすう-けい, fukusū-kei); [is.] fleirtala. (meer = more, comp. van veel. )
• verbuiging {sv}: [en] declension; [de.] Deklination; [ja.] 語形変化(ごけいへんか, gokei hénka), 格変化(かくへんか, kaku hénka); [is.] fallbeyging , beyging (kvenkyn). (verbuigen {werkwoord}: warp/inflect; buigen {werkwoord}: bend/ bow; )
• naamval {sm}: [en.] case/namefall^^; [de.] Kasus; [ja] ~格 (~かく, ~kaku); [is.] ~fall.
• eerste (1st) naamval/nominatief {sf}: [en.] nominative; [de.] Nominativ; [ja.] 主格(しゅかく, shukaku); [is.] nefnifall.
• vierde (4th) naamval/accusatief {sm}: [en.] accusative; [de.] Akkusativ; [ja.] 対格(たいかく, taikakú); [is.] þolfall. (þola {sagnorð}: to endure; þolmynd : passive voice; þol : endurance)
• derde (3rd) naamval/ datief {sm}: [en.] dative; [de.] Dativ; [ja.]与格(よかく, yokaku); [is.] þágufall . (þága {sagnorð}: to accept. )
• tweede (2nd) naamval/genitief {sm}: [en.] genitive; [de.] Genitiv; [ja.] 属格(ぞっかく, zokkakú), 生格(せいかく, seikakú); [is.] eignarfall. (eign {nafnorð}: property; eignar : of possession[gen.]; )
• adjectief {so}: [en.] adjective; [de.] Adjektiv; [ja.] 形容詞の(けいようしの, keiyōshi no); [is.] lýsingarorð. (lýsing{kven./nafn.}: description/Beschreibung; lýsingar : of description)
• Voorzetsel {so}: [en.] preposition; [de.] Präposition; [ja.] 前置詞(ぜんちし, zencishi). [is.]forsentning. (zet {so} set, move; zetten {ww}: to set down/ to put down; voorzetten {ww}:to place in front, fore-set. )
• bijwoord {so} : [en.]adverb; [de.] Umstandswort; [ja.] 副詞(ふくし,fukushi) ; [is.] atviksorð. (bij {vz}: with, at. Umstand {sm}:cricumstance, an event, "about-stand"; atvik {no}: event, incident; atviks : of event; atviksliður (karlkyn): adverbial.)
• spraakkunst/grammatica {sv}: een systeem van regels en principes voor het schrijven en spreken van een taal. (kunnst : art) [de.] Grammatik; [ja.] 文法 (ぶんぽう, bunpō); [is.] málfræði.

Pronoun Glossary:
Dutch demonstrative pronouns

• het
  1. (3-person sg. onzijdig, subjective): it.
  ----Het is laat. — It is late.
  ----Het klopt niet. — It's not right.
  2. (3-person sg. onzijdig objective): it.
  ----Ik doe het later wel. — I'll do it later on.
  ----Ik hoop het. — I hope so.
  ----Ik doe het als jij het wilt. — I'll do it if you want me to.
• dat (relative): Who, which, that.
  ----Ik ken een meisje dat dat kan. — I know a girl who can do that.
  A preceding comma may alter the meaning of a clause starting with a demonstrative adjective.
  "Het boek, dat wit was, gaf ik terug" vs. "Het boek dat wit was, gaf ik terug":
  "The book, which was white, (by the way), I returned," vs. "The white book I returned."
• dat (conjunction) : that.
  Ik zag dat het goed was — I saw that it was well
• deze (demonstrative) "de"pronoun referring to a thing or a person, closer by: this, these
  deze boom — this tree ;deze vrouw — this woman ;deze vensters — these windows
• die (demonstrative) :"de-" pronoun referring to a thing or a person, further away: that, those
  die boom — that tree; die vrouw — that woman; die vensters — those windows
• die (relative) : Who, which, that.
  Ik ken iemand die dat kan. — I know somebody who can do that.
  A preceding comma may alter the meaning of a clause starting with a demonstrative adjective. Compare the following sentences:
  ----Alle arbeiders die staken zullen op sancties moeten rekenen. “All employees that strike will have to count with sanctions.”
  ----Alle arbeiders, die staken, zullen op sancties moeten rekenen. “All employees, that are striking, will have to count with sanctions.”
  In the first sentence, only the striking employees will have to count with sanctions. In the second sentence, it is presupposed that all employees are supporting the strike, and will all suffer under the sanctions.
• dit (demonstrative) "het" pronoun referring to a thing or a person, closer by: this
  dit huis — this house; dit kind — this child; Wat is dit? — what is this?
• zulk (demonstrative, pl. zulke): such
• zelfd (demonstrative): the same. When used as an adjective, either definite article may be prepended to zelfde. Specifically, dezelfde is used for masculine and feminine words, while hetzelfde is used for neuter words.

Dutch indefinite pronouns

• het (Indefinite pronoun): it
  ----Het regent alweer. — It's raining again.
  ----Hoe gaat het? — How are you?
• enkele (Indefinite pronoun); a few (alternate form of enkel); some
• niets (Indefinite pronoun); nothing

Dutch interrogative pronouns

• hoe: how; wiens: whose; welke : what/which; waarom: for-what/why/pourquoi.

Dutch relative pronouns

• wie: who: wien: whose; hetgeen : which;

uit {vz} : out of, from; {adj} : out, off, over, finished.
uiten{ww}: to utter, to express .
spraak {sv}: speech
uitspraak {sv}: (pl. uitspaken) sentence; verdict; assertion; pronunciation.
basisuitspaken {sv/pl.}: basic sentences.

• De zeven basisuitspraken zijn: The seven basic sentences are:

geval {so}: case (val {so}: fall; vallen{ww}: fall; in ieder geval: in any case.)

• 1. De wereld is alles wat het geval is. The world is all that the case is.

(het) bestaan {so}: existence
bestaan {ww}: to exist ;
bestaan uit : to consist of ;
staan (class 6 stronh verb): to stand; to be (only in some contexts, use zijn if you're not sure)
zaak {sv} (plural: zaken): (general term with which one indicates a thing or a concept that is not a person) thing, matter.
----Het is voor de gemeente ook een lastige zaak. — For the municipality it is also a cumbersome matter.

• 2. Wat het geval is (een feit) is het bestaan van standen van zaken. What the case is (a fact) is the existence of things.
• 3. Het logische beeld van de feiten is de gedachte. The logical picture of the facts is the thought.

teken {so} (plural tekens, diminutive tekentje): sign, signal .
tekenen {ww}: to draw (by pencil). to sign (short for ondertekenen) .
betekenen {ww}: to mean .
betekenis {sm} (plural betekenissen, diminutive betekenisje): meaning .
betekenisvoll {adj}: meaningful.
zin (plural zinnen, diminutive zinnetje): (spaakkunst) sentence; intention; meaning, significance; proposition.
----Wat is de zin van het leven? — What is the meaning of life?
----Dat heeft geen zin. — There's no point.

• 4. De gedachte is een betekenisvolle zin. The thought is a meaningful proposition.
• 5. De zin is een waarheidsfunctie van elementaire zinnen. The proposition/sentence is a truth-function of elementary propositions.
• 6. De algemene vorm van een waarheidsfunctie is: [p, ξ, N(ξ)] . Dit is de algemene vorm van een zin. The general form of a truth-function is : [p, ξ, N(ξ)]. This is the general form of a proposition.

zwijgen {ww}: be silent, shut up; keep silent. (Cognate with German schweigen ‘to be silent’”zwijgen--schweigen)

• 7. Waar men niet over spreken kan, daarover moet men zwijgen. What on not about speek can, thereof must one keep silent.

Well, no wonder Dutch got the reputation of being a neat language.